Scorzonera

Scorzonera
	Scorzonera purpurea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Cichorioideae
Tribe:	Cichorieae
Subtribe:	Scorzonerinae
Genus:	Scorzonera; L.
Synonyms
	List Achyroseris Sch.Bip.; Arachnospermum F.W.Schmidt; Avellara Blanca & C.Díaz; Fleischeria Hochst. & Steud. ex Boiss.; Podospermum DC.; Yildirimlia Kılıç;

Scorzonera is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.^[2]^[3]

Species of the genus are found in Europe, Asia,^[3] and Africa.^[4] Its center of diversity is in the Mediterranean.^[5]

Scorzonera is recorded as a food plant for the larva of the nutmeg, a species of moth.^{[citation needed]}

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Scorzonera:^[1]

Scorzonera adilii A.Duran
Scorzonera alaica Lipsch.
Scorzonera alba R.R.Stewart
Scorzonera albertoregelia C.Winkl.
Scorzonera albicaulis Bunge
Scorzonera alborzensis S.R.Safavi & Amini Rad
Scorzonera alpigena (K.Koch) Grossh.
Scorzonera angustifolia L.
Scorzonera aniana N.Kilian
Scorzonera argyrea Boiss.
Scorzonera aristata Ramond ex DC.
Scorzonera armeniaca (Boiss. & A.Huet) Boiss.
Scorzonera bicolor Freyn & Sint.
Scorzonera boissieri Lipsch.
Scorzonera bracteosa C.Winkl.
Scorzonera bungei Krasch. & Lipsch.
Scorzonera bupleurifolia Pouzolz ex Timb.-Lagr. & Jeanb.
Scorzonera calcitrapifolia Vahl
Scorzonera cana (C.A.Mey.) Hoffm.
Scorzonera charadzae Papava
Scorzonera coriacea A.Duran & Aksoy
Scorzonera crassicaulis Rech.f.
Scorzonera curvata (Popl.) Lipsch.
Scorzonera deliciosa Guss. ex DC.
Scorzonera dianthoides (Lipsch. & Krasch.) Lipsch.
Scorzonera drarii V.Tackh.
Scorzonera ekimii A.Duran
Scorzonera ferganica Krasch.
Scorzonera fistulosa Brot.
Scorzonera flaccida Rech.f.
Scorzonera franchetii Lipsch.
Scorzonera gageoides Boiss.
Scorzonera glabra Rupr.
Scorzonera gokcheoglui Ünal & Göktürk
Scorzonera gorovanica Nazarova
Scorzonera grigoraschvilii (Sosn.) Lipsch.
Scorzonera grossheimii Lipsch. & Vassilcz.
Scorzonera grubovii Lipsch.
Scorzonera helodes Rech.f.
Scorzonera hondae Kitam.
Scorzonera humilis L.
Scorzonera idae (Sosn.) Lipsch.
Scorzonera iliensis Krasch.
Scorzonera isophylla Post
Scorzonera ispahanica Boiss.
Scorzonera joharchii S.R.Safavi
Scorzonera karabelensis Parolly & N.Kilian
Scorzonera karkasensis Safavi
Scorzonera kirpicznikovii Lipsch.
Scorzonera kozlowskyi Sosn. ex Grossh.
Scorzonera kurtii Yıld.
Scorzonera lacera Boiss. & Balansa
Scorzonera lachnostegia (Woronow) Lipsch.
Scorzonera laciniata L.
Scorzonera limnophila Boiss.
Scorzonera lindbergii Rech.f.
Scorzonera luntaiensis C.Shih
Scorzonera mariovoensis Micevski
Scorzonera meshhedensis (Rech.f.) Rech.f.
Scorzonera meyeri (K.Koch) Lipsch.
Scorzonera microcalathia (Rech.f.) Rech.f.
Scorzonera nivalis Boiss. & Hausskn.
Scorzonera pacis Güzel, Kayıkçı & S.Yıldız
Scorzonera pamirica C.Shih
Scorzonera paradoxa Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex DC.
Scorzonera parviflora Jacq.
Scorzonera persepolitana Boiss.
Scorzonera persica Boiss. & Buhse
Scorzonera petrovii Lipsch.
Scorzonera pratorum (Krasch.) Stankov
Scorzonera pulchra Lomak.
Scorzonera purpurea L.
Scorzonera racemosa Franch.
Scorzonera radiata Fisch. ex Ledeb.
Scorzonera radicosa Boiss.
Scorzonera renzii Rech.f.
Scorzonera rosea Waldst. & Kit.
Scorzonera rupicola Hausskn.
Scorzonera safievii Grossh.
Scorzonera schischkinii Lipsch. & Vassilcz.
Scorzonera schweinfurthii Boiss.
Scorzonera scopariiformis Lipsch.
Scorzonera scyria M.A.Gust. & Snogerup
Scorzonera sericeolanata (Bunge) Krasch. & Lipsch.
Scorzonera serpentinica Rech.f.
Scorzonera sinensis (Lipsch. & Krasch.) Nakai
Scorzonera songorica (Kar. & Kir.) Lipsch. & Vassilcz.
Scorzonera subaphylla Boiss.
Scorzonera sublanata Lipsch.
Scorzonera tadshikorum Krasch. & Lipsch.
Scorzonera taiwanensis S.S.Ying
Scorzonera tragopogonoides Regel & Schmalh.
Scorzonera transiliensis Popov
Scorzonera tuberculata J.Thiébaut
Scorzonera tunicata Rech.f. & Köie
Scorzonera turkestanica Franch.
Scorzonera tuzgoluensis A.Duran, B.Doğan & Makbul
Scorzonera vavilovii Kult.
Scorzonera veratrifolia Fenzl
Scorzonera verrucosa Boiss.
Scorzonera virgata DC.
Scorzonera wendelboi Rech.f.
Scorzonera xylobasis Rech.f.
Scorzonera yemensis Podlech
Scorzonera yildirimlii A.Duran & Hamzaoğlu
Scorzonera zorkunensis Coșkunç. & Makbul

Etymology

One possible origin of the genus name is the French scorzonère ("viper's grass").^[3]

Secondary metabolites

Some Scorzonera species contain lactones, including members of the guaianolide class of sesquiterpene lactones.^[6] Flavonoids found in Scorzonera include apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin.^[7] Other secondary metabolites reported from the genus include caffeoylquinic acids, coumarins, lignans, stilbenoids, and triterpenoids.^[8] One unique class of stilbenoid derivative was first isolated from Scorzonera humilis. They were named the tyrolobibenzyls after Tyrol in the eastern Alps, where the plant was collected.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b "Scorzonera L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
^ Bremer, K. (1994). Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 978-0-88192-275-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Scorzonera. Flora of North America.
^ Duran, A. and E. Hamzaoglu. (2004). A new species of Scorzonera (Asteraceae) from South Anatolia, Turkey. Biologia-Bratislava 59(1), 47-50.
^ Karaer, F. and F. Celep. (2007). Rediscovery of Scorzonera amasiana Hausskn. and Bornm. – A threatened endemic species in Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 36(2), 139-44.
^ Zidorn, C. (2010). "Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Phytochemistry. 69 (12): 2270–96. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.013. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 18715600.
^ Sareedenchai, V.; C. Zidorn (2010). "Flavonoids as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 38 (5): 935–57. Bibcode:2010BioSE..38..935S. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.09.006. ISSN 0305-1978.
^ Jehle, M.; et al. (2010). "Natural products from Scorzonera aristata (Asteraceae)". Natural Product Communications. 5 (5): 725–27. doi:10.1177/1934578X1000500510. ISSN 1934-578X. PMID 20521536.
^ Zidorn, C.; et al. (2000). "Tyrolobibenzyls ‒ Novel secondary metabolites from Scorzonera humilis". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 83 (11): 2920–25. doi:10.1002/1522-2675(20001108)83:11<2920::AID-HLCA2920>3.0.CO;2-5. ISSN 0018-019X.

[powo.science.kew.org-1] "Scorzonera L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-09-26.

[2] Bremer, K. (1994). Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 978-0-88192-275-2.

[fna-3] Scorzonera. Flora of North America.

[duran-4] Duran, A. and E. Hamzaoglu. (2004). A new species of Scorzonera (Asteraceae) from South Anatolia, Turkey. Biologia-Bratislava 59(1), 47-50.

[5] Karaer, F. and F. Celep. (2007). Rediscovery of Scorzonera amasiana Hausskn. and Bornm. – A threatened endemic species in Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 36(2), 139-44.

[6] Zidorn, C. (2010). "Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Phytochemistry. 69 (12): 2270–96. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.013. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 18715600.

[7] Sareedenchai, V.; C. Zidorn (2010). "Flavonoids as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 38 (5): 935–57. Bibcode:2010BioSE..38..935S. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.09.006. ISSN 0305-1978.

[8] Jehle, M.; et al. (2010). "Natural products from Scorzonera aristata (Asteraceae)". Natural Product Communications. 5 (5): 725–27. doi:10.1177/1934578X1000500510. ISSN 1934-578X. PMID 20521536.

[9] Zidorn, C.; et al. (2000). "Tyrolobibenzyls ‒ Novel secondary metabolites from Scorzonera humilis". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 83 (11): 2920–25. doi:10.1002/1522-2675(20001108)83:11<2920::AID-HLCA2920>3.0.CO;2-5. ISSN 0018-019X.

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