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List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents

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Space Shuttle Challenger breaks up during its 1986 launch resulting in the death of all seven crew members.

This article lists verifiable spaceflight-related accidents and incidents resulting in human death or serious injury. These include incidents during flight or training for crewed space missions and testing, assembly, preparation, or flight of crewed and robotic spacecraft. Not included are accidents or incidents associated with intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) tests, fatality or injury to test animals, uncrewed space flights, rocket-powered aircraft projects of World War II, or conspiracy theories about alleged unreported Soviet space accidents.

As of November 2024, there have been 19 astronaut fatalities during spaceflight that either crossed, or was intended to cross, the boundary of space as defined by the United States (50 miles above sea level).[1][2] Astronauts have also died while training for space missions, such as the Apollo 1 launch pad fire that killed an entire crew of three. There have also been some non-astronaut fatalities during spaceflight-related activities. As of 2024, there have been over 188 fatalities in incidents regarding spaceflight.

Astronauts Memorial Plaque at Cape Canaveral (2015)
The Fallen Astronaut memorial on the Moon includes the names of most of the known astronauts and cosmonauts who were killed before 1971

Astronaut fatalities

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During spaceflight

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As of December 2024, in-flight accidents have killed 15 astronauts and 4 cosmonauts in five separate incidents.[2] Three of the flights had flown above the Kármán line (edge of space), and one was intended to do so. In each of these accidents the entire crew was killed. As of December 2023, a total of 676 people have flown into space and 19 of them have died. This sets the current statistical fatality rate at 2.8 percent.[3]

NASA astronauts who died on duty are memorialized at the Space Mirror Memorial at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Merritt Island, Florida. Cosmonauts who died on duty under the Soviet Union were generally honored by burial at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis in Moscow. No Soviet or Russian cosmonauts have died during spaceflight since 1971.

Spaceflight fatalities above the Kármán line
Date Incident Mission Fatalities Description
30 June 1971 Decompression in space Soyuz 11 Soviet Union Georgy Dobrovolsky
Soviet Union Viktor Patsayev
Soviet Union Vladislav Volkov
The crew of Soyuz 11 died after undocking from space station Salyut 1 after a three-week stay. A cabin vent valve construction defect caused it to open at service module separation. The recovery team found the crew dead. These three are, as of 2024, the only human fatalities in space (above 100 kilometers (330,000 ft)).[4][5]

The Soyuz 11 landing coordinates are 47°21′24″N 70°07′17″E / 47.35663°N 70.12142°E / 47.35663; 70.12142, 90 kilometers (56 mi; 49 nmi) southwest of Karazhal, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, and about 550 kilometers (340 mi; 300 nmi) northeast of Baikonur, in open flat country far from any populated area. In a small circular fenced area at the site is a memorial monument in the form of a three-sided metallic column. Near the top of the column on each side is the engraved image of the face of a crew member set into a stylized triangle.[6][7][8]

During training or testing

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In addition to accidents during spaceflights, 11 astronauts, test pilots, and other personnel have been killed during training or tests.

Non-fatal incidents during spaceflight

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Apart from actual disasters, 38 missions resulted in some very near misses and also some training accidents that nearly resulted in deaths.

Non-fatal training accidents

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Spaceflight-related accidents and incidents during assembly, testing, and preparation for flight of crewed and uncrewed spacecraft have occasionally resulted in injuries or the loss of craft since the earliest days of space programs. 35 accidents since 2009.

Non-astronaut fatalities

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Fatalities caused by rocket explosions

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This list excludes deaths caused by military operations, either by deliberate detonations, or accidental during production – for example German V-2 rockets reportedly caused on average an estimated 6 deaths per operational rocket just during its production stages.[91] Over 113 fatalities.

Other non-astronaut fatalities

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47 fatalities.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Harwood (2005).
  2. ^ a b Musgrave, Larsen, Tommaso (2009), p. 143.
  3. ^ Hobbs, Zoe (2023-11-08). "How many people have gone to space?". Astronomy Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  4. ^ Butler, Sue (1 July 1971). "What Happened Aboard Soyuz 11? Reentry Strain Too Much?". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Daytona Beach, Florida. p. 43.
  5. ^ "Space deaths detailed". The Leader-Post. Regina, Saskatchewan. Reuters. 3 November 1973. p. 9.
  6. ^ "Google Maps – Soyuz 11 Landing Site – Monument Location". Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  7. ^ "Google Maps – Soyuz 11 Landing Site – Monument Photo". Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  8. ^ "Google Maps – Soyuz 11 Landing Site – Monument Photo closeup". Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  9. ^ "The remains of the astronaut Vladimir Komarov, a man who fell from space, 1967". 18 August 2014.
  10. ^ Coleman, Fred (24 April 1967). "Soviet Cosmonaut Dies in Spacecraft". The Owosso Argus-Press. Owosso, Michigan. American Press. p. 1.
  11. ^ "Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Location". Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  12. ^ "Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Photo". Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  13. ^ "Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Photo closeup". Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  14. ^ "X-15A Crash". www.check-six.com.
  15. ^ "Pilot Killed As X-15 Falls From Altitude Of 50 Miles", Toledo Blade newspaper, 16 November 1967.
  16. ^ "Mystery death plunge of X-15 rocket plane". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario. Associated Press. 16 November 1967. p. 72.
  17. ^ "Shuttle explodes; crew lost", Frederick, OK – Daily Leader newspaper, 28 January 1986.
  18. ^ "Flight From Triumph to Tragedy Kills Challenger's 'Seven Heroes'", The Palm Beach Post, 29 January 1986.
  19. ^ "Challenger Parts Wash Ashore Almost 11 Years After Explosion". The New York Times. 18 December 1996. p. 12.
  20. ^ "Space Shuttle debris rains across Texas", Ocala, FL Star Banner newspaper, 2 February 2003.
  21. ^ "Soviets admit cosmonaut's death". Wilmington Morning Star. Wilmington, North Carolina. Associated Press. 6 April 1986. p. 6.
  22. ^ Donovan, James (2019). Shoot for the Moon: The Space Race and the Extraordinary Voyage of Apollo 11. Little, Brown. p. 193. ISBN 978-0316341820.
  23. ^ "Crash Kills Astronaut". Tri City Herald. Richland, WA. 1 November 1964.
  24. ^ "Goose Hit Jet, Killing Astronaut". The Miami News. 17 November 1964.
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  27. ^ "One Astronaut Cried 'Fire' Before All Died". Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal. 29 January 1967.
  28. ^ "Williams Wanted To Be First On The Moon". Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, FL. 6 October 1967.
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  31. ^ "Air Crash Kills Astro". Nashua Telegraph. 9 December 1967. p. 1.
  32. ^ "Vozovikov". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016.
  33. ^ David Shayler (2000). Disasters and accidents in manned spaceflight. Springer. p. 470. ISBN 978-1852332259.
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  36. ^ Webb, Alvin B. Jr. (21 July 1961). "Space Cabin Sinks After Hatch 'Blows'". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah.
  37. ^ "The Liberty Bell 7 Recovery". Blacksburg, Virginia: UXB. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
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  41. ^ Volker, Al (27 March 1966). "Astronaut Feared 'Break-Up'". The Miami News.
  42. ^ "Gemini 8". National Space Science Data Center. NASA. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  43. ^ "Apollo Hit Twice By Lightning", Salt Lake City, Utah – Deseret newspaper, 17 December 1969
  44. ^ "Apollo Struck Twice By Lightning", Hopkinsville, Kentucky – New Era newspaper, 22 November 1969
  45. ^ Crotts, Arlin (2014). The New Moon: Water, Exploration, and Future Habitation. Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-1139915557.
  46. ^ "Moon Men Healthy, Resting", The Fort Scott, KS – Tribune newspaper, 25 November 1969
  47. ^ "Third U.S. lunar mission leaves pad without hitch", Eugene, OR – Register-Guard newspaper, 11 April 1970
  48. ^ "Apollo 13 on way after engine fails", The Age newspaper, 13 April 1970
  49. ^ "Apollo 14 Tests Wait For Month", Youngstown Vindicator newspaper, 29 April 1970
  50. ^ NASA's official report (Report of Apollo 13 Review Board) does not use the word "explosion" in describing the tank failure. Rupture disks and other safety measures were present to prevent a catastrophic explosion, and analysis of pressure readings and subsequent ground-testing determined that these safety measures worked as designed. See findings 26 and 27 on p. 195 (5-22) of the NASA report.
  51. ^ "Magnitude Of Apollo 13 Damage Astounded Crew", Lodi, CA News-Sentinel, 18 April 1970
  52. ^ "Rocket Fuel Gets Blame In Apollo Parachute Fluke", Lumberton, NC – The Robesonian newspaper, 13 August 1971
  53. ^ "Brand Takes Blame For Apollo Gas Leak", Florence, AL – Times Daily newspaper, 10 August 1975
  54. ^ "Cosmonauts Land in Lake, Blizzard", Milwaukee Journal newspaper, 18 October 1976
  55. ^ "Shock Wave Doesn't Worry Shuttle Crew", Toledo Blade newspaper, 16 September 1981
  56. ^ "Shuttle shock wave problem still puzzles NASA", Richland, WA – Tri-City Herald newspaper, 11 September 1981
  57. ^ "Shuttle's Pressure Problem Studied", Toledo Blade newspaper, 27 June 1981
  58. ^ "Space Shuttle Columbia Nears Second Flight", Sarasota Herald Tribune newspaper, 25 October 1981
  59. ^ "Fuel Devices on Space Shuttle Were on Fire During Landing", Schenectady Gazette newspaper, 12 December 1983
  60. ^ "Engineers Study Blaze Aboard Columbia", Ocala Star-Banner newspaper, 14 December 1983
  61. ^ Dumoulin (2000).
  62. ^ United Press International (30 July 1985). "Shuttle OK after close call". Record-Journal. Meriden, Connecticut. p. 1.
  63. ^ a b c Harland (2005), pp. 173–174.
  64. ^ Furniss, Shayler, Shayler (2007), p. 355.
  65. ^ "STS-37 Space Shuttle Mission Report May 1991 – NASA-CR-193062", Extravehicular Activity Evaluation, Page 16, accessed online 4 Jan 2011
  66. ^ "Damage suffered by space shuttle". Daily Times. Portsmouth, OH. 8 October 1993.
  67. ^ "NASA-1 Norm Thagard: An Ending and a Beginning". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  68. ^ "A Toxic Leak Haunts the Shuttle Crew". The New York Times. 16 December 2006.
  69. ^ "Moscow, we have a problem: our spacecraft is lost"[dead link], The London Sunday Times newspaper, 5 May 2003
  70. ^ "Soyuz misses its mark but still finds Earth safely", USA Today newspaper, 4 May 2003
  71. ^ "Space crew reach Kazakh capital". The New Zealand Herald. 6 May 2003. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  72. ^ "Private rocket plane goes rolling into space", The Southeast Missourian newspaper, 30 September 2004
  73. ^ "SpaceShipOne Rolling Rumors: Rutan Sets the Record Straight", Space.com website – posted: 2 October 2004, accessed online 4 January 2011
  74. ^ Russia probes Soyuz capsule's perilous re-entry, CNN, 23 April 2008
  75. ^ Eckel, Mike (24 April 2008). "Russian news agency says Soyuz crew was in danger on descent". Retrieved 5 May 2016. Alt URL
  76. ^ Morring, Frank, NASA Urges Caution On Soyuz Reports, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 23 April 2008
  77. ^ "South Korean Astronaut Hospitalized"[permanent dead link], Aviation Week, 2 May 2008
  78. ^ "EVA-23 terminated due to EVA-23 terminated due to Parmitano EMU issue", NASASpaceFlight, 16 July 2013
  79. ^ "Spacewalk aborted by spacesuit water leak", SpaceflightNow, 16 July 2013
  80. ^ "Tuesday Spacewalk Ended Early", NASA, 16 July 2013
  81. ^ "International Space Station (ISS) EVA Suit Water Intrusion" (PDF). NASA. 20 December 2013.
  82. ^ "Space Station Leak All Patched Up Now, NASA Says". Space.com. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  83. ^ Astronauts survive Soyuz rocket emergency landing CNN, 11 October 2018.
  84. ^ "Astronauts pinpoint source of 'non-standard' air leak on ISS, exact location still unknown". Firstpost. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  85. ^ "International Space Station saved from out-of-control spin". 30 July 2021.
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  88. ^ "Russia says leak on Soyuz spacecraft caused by 0.8-millimetre hole". Reuters. 19 December 2022.
  89. ^ "Hole spotted in leaky Russian Soyuz spacecraft". Space.com. 20 December 2022.
  90. ^ "Russia to launch new Soyuz capsule to replace leaky spacecraft on space station". Space.com. 11 January 2023.
  91. ^ "V2ROCKET.COM – Mittelwerk / DORA". www.v2rocket.com.
  92. ^ "Max Valier: Modern Rocketry's First Casualty". 18 March 2019.
  93. ^ "German Rocket Motor Expert Loses His Life". The Reading Eagle. Reading, PA. 18 May 1930.
  94. ^ "Science Rocket Explodes, Kills 1". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. 2 February 1931.
  95. ^ "Blast Kills Maker of Rocket Airplane". Pittsburgh Press. 12 October 1933.
  96. ^ "Kummersdorf".
  97. ^ Ellis, Thomas (March 23, 2017). "Ivan Ivanovich and the Persistent Lost Cosmonaut Conspiracy". airandspace.si.edu. National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
  98. ^ "Cape Probes Reason For Tragedy". The Miami News. 15 April 1964.
  99. ^ "Static Electricity Blamed For Fatal Rocket Mishaps". Reading Eagle. Reading, PA. 24 April 1964. p. 21.
  100. ^ "Burns Kill Third Rocket Ignition Victim". The Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. 5 May 1964. p. 3.
  101. ^ "German's 'air mail' idea goes up in smoke". The Scotsman. 16 September 2005.
  102. ^ Siddiqi (2000), p. 874.
  103. ^ Zak, Anatoly. "Mission L1 No. 8L: A deadly accident". RussianSpaceWeb.
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  105. ^ "1 killed, 9 hurt as rocket booster ignites". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. 8 September 1990.
  106. ^ "Man's body recovered after Titan explosion". The Sunday Gazette. Schenectady, New York. 9 September 1990.
  107. ^ "Pipe explosion sets back Japanese space program". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. 11 August 1991. p. 13A.
  108. ^ "Stor förödelse vid basen. 'Ett mirakel att några överlevde när raketen självantände'" [Great devastation at the base. 'A miracle that some survived when the rocket ignited']. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 28 February 1993.
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References

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Books and journals

Other online sources

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